Last Date to File Income Tax Return

The Central Board of Direct Taxes has released a new deadline for ITR filing for non-audit cases, including salaried taxpayers. The final date to file the ITR for them has now been moved to September 15, 2025, from the earlier date July 31, 2025, according to the CBDT circular.

Filing beyond this date will lead to a penalty of Rs.5,000 (if income exceeds Rs.5 lakh) and Rs.1,000 for lower income groups under Section 234F.

Belated or revised returns can be filed till December 31, 2025, and updated returns (ITR-U) can be filed till March 31, 2030.

However, while the date for the filing of the return has been extended, the payment of any due self-assessment taxes must be finished by July 31. If not, penal interest under Section 234A may be accrued.

Differential | How does it work?

How does a differential in automobiles work?

A differential in an automobile allows the drive wheels to rotate at different speeds while maintaining torque and power delivery, especially during turns. This is crucial because when a vehicle turns, the wheel on the inside of the curve travels a shorter distance than the wheel on the outside, requiring them to rotate at different speeds.

How does a differential work?

1. Splitting Power:

The differential receives rotational power from the engine via the driveshaft.

2. Gear System:

It uses a system of gears (including a ring gear, pinion gear, and side gears) to distribute this power to the drive wheels.

3. Speed Variation:

When the vehicle travels straight, the gears inside the differential rotate together, and the wheels spin at the same speed.

4. Cornering:

During turns, the differential allows the outer wheel to rotate faster while the inner wheel rotates slower; accommodating the different distances each wheel needs to travel.

5. Torque Distribution:

The differential also ensures that both wheels receive power, even if one is slipping (e.g., on a slippery surface).

In essence, the differential's gear system allows the wheels to rotate independently, providing smooth and controlled turning, and maintaining traction on various road surfaces.

Three Bajji for Rs.20/-

Have a bajji. It may be a plantain bajji (banana bajji / vazhaikkai bajji), onion bajji (vengaya bajji), brinjal bajji (kaththarikkai bajji), potato bajji (urulaik kizhangu bajji), chilli bajji (milakai bajji), or any variety of bajji; each is costing only Rs.7/-. Take three bajjis only for Rs.20/- at S. Alangulam, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India. Sambar and chutney are being provided free of cost.

The ring wells discovered at Keeladi

Archaeological excavations at the Keeladi site in Tamil Nadu have uncovered many ring wells, which are a sign of advanced water conservation technology. 

What have been discovered?

Plain ring wells: Many plain ring wells have been found.

Ring wells with designs: 

A ring well with thumb impressions carved on a band around its surface was discovered.

Ring wells with rope decorations: 

A ring well with two embossed rope decorations on the exterior was discovered.

Ring wells with fish symbols: 

A ring well with a Sangam Age fish symbol incised on it was discovered.

Where have they been found?

In a paddy field near the Keeladi museum site and in a trench being dug at a depth of about 1.5 metres.

What do they indicate? 

The ring wells indicate that the people of Keeladi had advanced water conservation technology over 2,000 years ago.

Where is Keeladi located? 

Keeladi is an urban settlement on the banks of the Vaigai River.

The ring wells discovered at Keeladi, near Madurai, are an excellent example of ancient water conservation technology.

Here's how they conserve water:

1. Preventing sand entry: 

Each ring is designed with a locking system, ensuring they fit snugly together, preventing sand from entering the well.

2. Storing water: 

The ring wells allowed settlers to store water during monsoon seasons for use during drought months.

3. Reducing evaporation: 

The ring wells' design and structure help minimize water evaporation, preserving precious water resources.

4. Efficient groundwater recharge: 

The wells' construction enables efficient groundwater recharge, ensuring a sustainable water supply.

These ancient ring wells demonstrate the ingenuity and foresight of our ancestors in managing water resources, a valuable lesson for modern water conservation efforts.

What is Samana ?

Samana has multiple meanings, including:

Peaceful person

In Buddhism, a Samana is a peaceful person, such as an ascetic, recluse, or contemplative.

Sanskrit term

In Sanskrit, Samana means "pacification," "mitigation," or "alleviation". It comes from the root words sam, meaning "together," and an, meaning "to breathe" or "blow".

Yoga

In yoga, Samana is one of the five vayus, or energies, that make up prana in the body. Samana is located in the navel and is associated with digestion, the stomach, pancreas, liver, and intestinal tract.

Ayurveda

In Ayurvedic medicine, Samana is a type of langhana treatment that uses herbal therapy, exercise, sun exposure, and other methods to relieve heaviness in the body.

Karma

In Śārīraguṇa, Samana is the action associated with Manda, which means "dull".

Bard

 The term "bard" is used to refer to William Shakespeare, and has been since the 19th century. The term "bard" has multiple meanings, including:

A poet or writer of poems

A professional storyteller and verse-maker in Celtic cultures

A member of an ancient Celtic order of poets who recited verses about their tribes

A poet who wins a verse competition at a Welsh eisteddfod

An ornamental caparison for a horse

Stable gear consisting of a decorated covering for a horse

To put a caparison on

The term "bard" comes from Scottish Gaelic and is related to the Welsh word bardd.

In modern times, the term "bard" has been used more generally to refer to a famous author or minstrel. For example, Rabindranath Tagore is known as "the Bard of Bengal".

Difference between English and English Honours

The main difference between English and English Honours is that English Honours is a specialized undergraduate degree program that focuses on English literature, language, and culture, while English is usually a general degree that may include other subjects.

Coursework:

English Honours includes specialized coursework, research, and project work. English may include other subjects, such as Economics.

Career prospects:

Graduates of English Honours may have an advantage in securing positions that require in-depth knowledge of the subject.

Prestige:

Most countries consider an Honours degree more prestigious than a non-honours degree.

English Honours may include topics such as:

Technical writing

Bilingualism

Grammar

Linguistic equivalence

Theories and types of meaning

Language and culture

Translation